Coutersy:en.wikipedia.org

While studies have shown via chemical analysis, as discussed above, that organically grown fruits and vegetables have significantly lower pesticide residue levels, the significance of this finding on actual health risk reduction is debatable as both conventional foods and organic foods generally have pesticide levels well below government established guidelines for what is considered safe.^{[61][page needed][52][60]} This view has been echoed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture^[69] and the UK Food Standards Agency.^[70]

A study published by the National Research Council in 1993 determined that for infants and children, the major source of exposure to pesticides is through diet.^[71] A study published in 2006 by Lu et al. measured the levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in 23 school children before and after replacing their diet with organic food. In this study it was found that levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure dropped from negligible levels to undetectable levels when the children switched to an organic diet, the authors presented this reduction as a significant reduction in risk.^[72] The conclusions presented in Lu et al. were criticized in the literature as a case of bad scientific communication.^[73][74]

More specifically, claims related to pesticide residue of increased risk of infertility or lower sperm counts have not been supported by the evidence in the medical literature.^[60] Likewise the American Cancer Society (ACS) has stated their official position that “whether organic foods carry a lower risk of cancer because they are less likely to be contaminated by compounds that might cause cancer is largely unknown.”^[75] Reviews have noted that the risks from microbiological sources or natural toxins are likely to be much more significant than short term or chronic risks from pesticide residues.^{[61][page needed][60]}

Microbiological contamination[edit]

Organic farming has a preference for using manure as fertilizer, compared to conventional farming in general.^{[citation needed]} This practise seems to imply an increased risk of microbiological contamination, such as E. coli O157:H7, from organic food consumption, but reviews have found little evidence that actual incidence of outbreaks can be positively linked to organic food production.^{[61][page needed][62][60]} The 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, however, was blamed on organically farmed fenugreek sprouts.^[76][77]

Public perception[edit]

There is a widespread public belief that organic food is safer, more nutritious, and better tasting than conventional food,^[78] which has largely contributed to the development of an organic food culture. Consumers purchase organic foods for different reasons, including concerns about the effects of conventional farming practices on the environment, human health, and animal welfare.^[79]

While there may be some differences in the nutrient and antinutrient contents of organically and conventionally produced food, the variable nature of food production, shipping, storage, and handling makes it difficult to generalize results.^{[80][61][52][70][81]} Claims that “organic food tastes better” are generally not supported by tests,^{[61][page needed][62][page needed]} but consumers often perceive organic food produce like fruits and vegetables to taste better.

In general, it seems that the appeal of organic food varies with demographic group and attitudinal characteristics. USA research has found that women, young adults, liberals and college graduates were significantly more likely to buy organic food regularly when compared to men, older age groups, people of different political affiliations and lower-educated individuals. Income level and race/ethnicity did not appear to affect interest in organic foods in this same study. Furthermore, individuals who are only moderately-religious were more likely to purchase organic foods than individuals who were less religious or highly-religious. Additionally, pursuit of organic foods was positively associated with valuing vegetarian/vegan food options, valuing “natural” food options and valuing USA-made food options.^[82] Organic food may also be more appealing to people who follow other restricted diets. One study found that individuals who adhered to vegan, vegetarian or pescetarian diet patterns incorporated substantially more organic foods in their diet when compared to omnivores.^[83]

The most important reason for purchasing organic foods seems to be beliefs about the products’ health-giving properties and higher nutritional value.^[79][84] These beliefs are promoted by the organic food industry,^[85] and have fueled increased demand for organic food despite higher prices and difficulty in confirming these claimed benefits scientifically.^{[80][52][60][53][63]} Organic labels also stimulate the consumer to view the product as having more positive nutritional value.^[86]

Psychological effects such as the “halo” effect are also important motivating factors in the purchase of organic food.^[61] For example, one study demonstrated that organic cookies are perceived to be lower in calories compared to other cookies.^[61][87]

In China the increasing demand for organic products of all kinds, and in particular milk, baby food and infant formula, has been “spurred by a series of food scares, the worst being the death of six children who had consumed baby formula laced with melamine” in 2009 and the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, making the Chinese market for organic milk the largest in the world as of 2014.^[88][89][90] A Pew Research Centre survey in 2012 indicated that 41% of Chinese consumers thought of food safety as a very big problem, up by three times from 12% in 2008.^[91]

A 2020 study on marketing processed organic foods shows that, after much growth in the fresh organic foods sector, consumers have started to buy processed organic foods, which they sometime perceive to be just as healthy or even healthier than the non-organic version – depending on the marketing message.^[92]